The cold chain in logistics

The cold chain is crucial for preserving the quality of food and medicine. Even though the method has been around for a long time, companies can now leverage the latest technologies to safeguard the integrity of these goods throughout every stage of logistics. In this post, we take a closer look at how the cold chain works, which industries rely on it and the best ways to keep it intact.

What is a cold chain and what does it do?

The cold chain is a set of processes and procedures that maintain a controlled temperature throughout the supply chain. It enables heat-sensitive goods to retain their properties, preventing spoilage and bacterial growth. This makes it a critical system for storing and transporting perishable items such as food, medicine, cosmetics and laboratory products.

To keep the cold chain unbroken, different temperature ranges are used depending on the product. Ultra-low freezing is ideal for certain vaccines and biological samples. Deep freezing is used for items like meat, seafood, ice cream and frozen vegetables. Superchilling works well for premium fish and shellfish. Standard refrigeration is common for dairy, fresh meat, cold cuts and delicate fruits and vegetables. Finally, controlled refrigeration ensures the stability of vaccines, insulin, pharmaceuticals and other biological products.

How the cold chain works

In logistics, the cold chain involves three main components:

• Cold storage. This requires specialised facilities, such as temperature-controlled chambers built with sandwich panels. These spaces are equipped with refrigeration systems made up of compressors, condensers, expansion valves and evaporators. Storage racks designed for these environments — like those from Mecalux — are made of stainless steel to withstand extreme cold.
• Transport. Temperature-sensitive products must be moved using refrigerated vehicles that can monitor and log internal temperatures. This helps guarantee that goods arrive at their destination in optimal condition.
• Temperature control. Monitoring must take place throughout the supply chain — from origin to final delivery — whether at distribution centres (DCs) or points of sale.

Cold temperatures slow the growth of harmful microorganisms such as bacteria. However, cold alone can’t destroy pathogens that are already present. That’s why the cold chain must be kept intact, all the way to the point of consumption.

A broken cold chain can lead to lost product quality, reduced effectiveness of medications or vaccines and serious health risks for consumers. For example, once food has been thawed, it should only be refrozen if it’s been cooked to at least 70 °C. Otherwise, the break in the cold chain could compromise its safety.

Cold chain regulations

There’s no single global authority that governs cold chain practices, but a wide range of standards and regulations apply depending on the industry and country. Therefore, companies must understand and comply with the specific requirements relevant to their operations.

One of the most widely recognised systems for ensuring food safety is Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). Designed to prevent issues like cold chain failure from compromising product integrity, the HACCP process identifies potential hazards, determines high-priority control points, sets acceptable limits, establishes monitoring procedures and outlines corrective actions when needed.

Industries that rely on the cold chain

Cool chain systems are used across a wide range of industrial sectors due to the temperature-sensitive nature of many of their products. These are some of the most prominent:

• Food. Congelados de Navarra operates one of the largest frozen food facilities in Europe, located in Fustiñana, Spain. The centre’s four clad-rack warehouses store 160,000 pallets of frozen goods at a constant -25 °C. With the Automated Pallet Shuttle system and Easy WMS warehouse management software, the company maximises space while keeping down energy costs.
• Beverages. Manufacturers and distributors of beverages must guarantee product quality, traceability and safety at all times. French dairy company Laiterie Saint-Père, part of the Intermarché Group, runs an automated pallet warehouse in Saint-Père-en-Retz. Mecalux equipped the facility with sandwich panels and cooling systems to maintain a steady temperature of 2 °C.
• Cosmetics. Certain personal care products require cold storage to preserve their effectiveness. Cosmopak is a cosmetics manufacturer with a production centre in Ovar, Portugal. It uses a 148-metre-long automated warehouse designed by Mecalux to store its raw materials under ambient or refrigerated conditions. The facility accommodates up to 3,800 pallets.
• Pharmaceuticals. Cold storage is paramount for preserving the properties of many medications and treatments. Mega Pharma, a leading pharmaceutical company in Uruguay, built an automated clad-rack warehouse with a capacity of over 6,900 pallets. The facility measures 72 m long, 12 m wide and 24 m high and is kept at a controlled temperature.

Cold chain solutions

Maintaining the cold chain ensures the quality, shelf life and safety of temperature-sensitive products. To achieve this, a range of tools and systems are available:

• Cold stores. Cold-storage warehouses often use high-density systems to protect heat-sensitive goods. By maximising storage capacity, these solutions minimise the volume that requires cooling, improving energy efficiency. Automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RSs) offer additional benefits, such as limiting workers’ exposure to cold and preventing temperature fluctuations during handling.
• Warehouse management system (WMS). Knowing exactly where products are at all times (in intralogistics operations and other supply chain links) enables quick identification and provides information relevant to their storage requirements. Easy WMS manages all warehouse operations and resources, coordinating both physical flows and digital records. It allows for full, real-time inventory traceability across the supply chain.
• Temperature and humidity monitoring. Sensors track environmental conditions throughout storage and transport. Internet of Things (IoT) technology makes it easier to detect deviations that could lead to microbial growth, nutrient loss or reduced drug stability.
• Ruggedised devices. Built to withstand harsh conditions like freezer warehouses, shock-resistant mobile devices are indispensable tools for the cold chain logistics industry.
• Refrigerated vehicles. These lorries feature insulated cargo compartments and built-in cooling units to keep products chilled or frozen throughout transit.

Technology: A key ally in cold chain management

The cold chain is vital for preserving the integrity of food, medicine and other biological goods. Technological solutions optimise operations throughout the chain, from product storage to transport and monitoring. They help ensure the quality, safety and shelf life of goods while supporting regulatory compliance.

Similarly, AI-powered WMS solutions optimise storage and inventory turnover, reducing waste. In DCs, robotics and automation speed up loading and unloading processes, limiting exposure to inadequate temperatures and preserving cold chain integrity. Ultimately, the synergy between technology and the cold chain is fundamental for maintaining product quality, safety and sustainability.